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March 25, 2010 - Update: Perfect Sector Rotation

Is the conventional wisdom that stocks of certain sectors outperform systematically during specific stages of the business cycle correct, and exploitable? In the December 2009 update of their draft paper entitled "Sector Rotation across the Business Cycle", Jeffrey Stangl, Ben Jacobsen and Nuttawat Visaltanachoti test the value of sector rotation by assuming that an investor anticipates U.S. business cycle stages perfectly and rotates sectors in accordance with conventional wisdom. The baseline business cycle consists of five stages across the peaks and troughs of economic activity declared by the National Bureau for Economic Research (NBER). The baseline conventional wisdom on sector rotation comes from Standard & Poor's Guide to Sector Investing. Using monthly industry returns, market returns and Treasury bill rates for 1948-2007 (10 business cycles), they find that:

  • The average length of U.S. business cycles since 1948 is 71 months, 61 months for expansions and 10 months for recessions (see the figure below).
  • On a nominal return basis, 33 of the 48 industries beat the market on average as expected during their optimal stages (see the table below). During late expansion, early recession and late recession (but not early and middle expansion), optimal industries in aggregate beat the market on average as expected.
  • With perfect business cycle foresight, conventional sector rotation outperforms the market by a gross 2.3% per year over the entire 60-year sample period. However:
    • This gross outperformance degrades to 1.9% and 1% (2.2% and 1.8%) per year when sector rotation is one and two months early (late), respectively.
    • Including trading frictions degrades the 2.3% annual outperformance to between 1.1% and 1.9% (depending on assumptions), statistically indistinguishable from zero.
    • Using the same perfect foresight to go to cash during early recessions and hold the market during all other business cycle stages outperforms the market by a gross 2.5% per year.
  • Moreover, contrary to conventional wisdom, industries optimal for a particular stage mostlyunderperform the market (28 out of 48 sectors) based on Sharpe ratio. Across various risk-adjustment methods, there is very little evidence of industry outperformance by stage in accordance with conventional wisdom.
  • Results are generally robust to alternate definitions of the business cycle and business cycle stages, subperiods, different risk adjustment approaches, different industry-business cycle relationships and different industry segmentations.
  • There are a few sectors with significant alphas during particular stages of the business cycle (performing well 60%–70% of the time), as follows:
    • Early expansion - none.
    • Middle expansion - Candy & Soda and Pharmaceuticals.
    • Late expansion - Mining and Tobacco Products.
    • Early recession - Shipping Containers, Food products, Utilities and Entertainment.
    • Late recession - Personal Services, Food Products and Tobacco Products.
  • With perfect business cycle foresight, this alternative sector rotation outperforms the market by a gross 7.3% per year (about 6.1% per year after trading frictions) over the entire 60-year sample period.

The following figure, taken from the paper, presents the baseline idealized business cycle divided into five stages. Expansions span trough to peak in three stages of equal length (Stages I-III). Recessions span peak to trough in two stages of equal length (Stages IV-V). As indicated, expansions are typically much longer than recessions. Since 1948, U.S. expansions (recessions) average 61 (10) months in length.

The following table, also from the paper, summarizes the baseline conventional wisdom (fromStandard & Poor's Guide to Sector Investing) on outperformance of sectors by stage of the business cycle.

Note that NBER can take as long as two years after a turning point to designate its date and that one business cycle can be very different from another.

In summary, realistic assumptions about business cycle predictability make it unlikely that an investor can outperform the broad stock market using a conventional sector rotation strategy. A more focused, unconventional sector rotation strategy might outperform.


http://www.cxoadvisory.com/blog/external/blog3-25-10/default.asp#

The Somali Pirates' Business Model | UN Dispatch

A basic piracy operation requires a minimum eight to twelve militia prepared to stay at sea for extended periods of time, in the hopes of hijacking a passing vessel. Each team requires a minimum of two attack skiffs, weapons, equipment, provisions, fuel and preferably a supply boat. The costs of the operation are usually borne by investors, some of whom may also be pirates.

To be eligible for employment as a pirate, a volunteer should already possess a firearm for use in the operation. For this ‘contribution’, he receives a ‘class A’ share of any profit. Pirates who provide a skiff or a heavier firearm, like an RPG or a general purpose machine gun, may be entitled to an additional A-share. The first pirate to board a vessel may also be entitled to an extra A-share.

At least 12 other volunteers are recruited as militiamen to provide protection on land of a ship is hijacked, In addition, each member of the pirate team may bring a partner or relative to be part of this land-based force. Militiamen must possess their own weapon, and receive a ‘class B’ share — usually a fixed amount equivalent to approximately US$15,000.

If a ship is successfully hijacked and brought to anchor, the pirates and the militiamen require food, drink, qaad, fresh clothes, cell phones, air time, etc. The captured crew must also be cared for. In most cases, these services are provided by one or more suppliers, who advance the costs in anticipation of reimbursement, with a significant margin of profit, when ransom is eventually paid.

When ransom is received, fixed costs are the first to be paid out. These are typically:

• Reimbursement of supplier(s)

• Financier(s) and/or investor(s): 30% of the ransom

• Local elders: 5 to 10 %of the ransom (anchoring rights)

• Class B shares (approx. $15,000 each): militiamen, interpreters etc.

The remaining sum — the profit — is divided between class-A shareholders.

The economics of the mushy middle

via kottke.org by Jason Kottke on 3/22/10

Companies who target the middle of the market (Sony, Dell, General Motors) are losing customers to companies like Apple & Hermes at the high end and Ikea & H&M at the low end. From James Surowiecki:

The products made by midrange companies are neither exceptional enough to justify premium prices nor cheap enough to win over value-conscious consumers. Furthermore, the squeeze is getting tighter every day. Thanks to economies of scale, products that start out mediocre often get better without getting much more expensive -- the newest Flip, for instance, shoots in high-def and has four times as much memory as the original -- so consumers can trade down without a significant drop in quality. Conversely, economies of scale also allow makers of high-end products to reduce prices without skimping on quality. A top-of-the-line iPod now features video and four times as much storage as it did six years ago, but costs a hundred and fifty dollars less. At the same time, the global market has become so huge that you can occupy a high-end niche and still sell a lot of units. Apple has just 2.2 per cent of the world cell-phone market, but that means it sold twenty-five million iPhones last year.

Tags: Apple   business   economics   James Surowiecki

FT.com / Columnists / Martin Wolf - Excessive virtue can be a vice for the world economy

Let me make clear what I am saying and what I am not saying on the role of Germany in the eurozone and the eurozone in the world.

I am not saying Germany is at fault for making first-rate manufactured products. It is an admirable achievement. I am not saying Germany should make its workers uncompetitive or accept much higher inflation, either.

I am saying that Germany’s surpluses were made possible by other countries’ deficits, and so German stability by other countries' instability. I am saying that part of Germany’s net exports were illusory, paid for by excessive borrowing, often financed by Germans. I am saying that if peripheral Europe is to improve its external accounts, either Germany must offset some part of this, or the current account of the eurozone itself must shift towards surplus, with adverse impacts on the fragile world economy.

In short, economic policy is about more than competitiveness. When the world is trying to struggle out of a deep recession, demand matters, too. As the world’s fourth-largest economy and the core of the eurozone, Germany has a role to play in rebalancing global demand. I appreciate that this is a difficult challenge. It must be met, all the same.

via ft.com

Can this be true?

via Marginal Revolution by Tyler Cowen on 3/22/10

Vero de Rugy sends me this link from Bloomberg:

Two-year notes sold by the billionaire’s Berkshire Hathaway Inc. in February yield 3.5 basis points less than Treasuries of similar maturity, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Procter & Gamble Co., Johnson & Johnson and Lowe’s Cos. debt also traded at lower yields in recent weeks, a situation former Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. chief fixed-income strategist Jack Malvey calls an “exceedingly rare” event in the history of the bond market.

I am skeptical but do not have any particular counter.  What do you all know about this?  Is this a temporary liquidity effect?  Are there other embedded rights in these securities?

FT.com / Columnists / Martin Wolf - The world economy has no easy way out of the mire

By “success”, I mean reignition of the credit engine in high-income deficit countries. So private sector spending surges anew, fiscal deficits shrink and the economy appears to being going back to normal, at last. By “failure” I mean that the deleveraging continues, private spending fails to pick up with any real vigour and fiscal deficits remain far bigger, for far longer, than almost anybody now dares to imagine. This would be post-bubble Japan on a far wider scale.

Unhappily, the result of what I call success would probably be a still bigger financial crisis in future, while the results of what I call failure would be that the fiscal rope would run out, even though reaching the end might take longer than worrywarts fear. Yet the big point is that either outcome ultimately leads us to a sovereign debt crisis. This, in turn, would surely result in defaults, probably via inflation. In essence, stretched balance sheets threaten mass private sector bankruptcy and a depression, or sovereign bankruptcy and inflation, or some combination of the two.

I can envisage two ways by which the world might grow out of its debt overhangs without such a collapse: a surge in private and public investment in the deficit countries or a surge in demand from the emerging countries. Under the former, higher future income would make today’s borrowing sustainable. Under the latter, the savings generated by the deleveraging private sectors of deficit countries would flow naturally into increased investment in emerging countries.

via ft.com